![]() ![]() "Along with the many similarities between the chicken and human genomes, we discovered some fascinating differences that are shedding new light on what distinguishes birds from mammals. We present a flexible computational method and software tool, IGoR (Inference and Generation of Repertoires), that processes raw immune sequence reads from any source (cDNA or gDNA) and learns. "Genomes of the chicken and other species distant from ourselves have provided us with a powerful tool to resolve key biological processes that have been conserved over millennia," comments consortium leader Richard Wilson of Washington State University. The starting materials that are either gDNA or mRNA have both advantages and disadvantages as templates. ![]() The inputs and outputs for preprocessing software packages are reasonably standardized, as these mainly read and write FASTA/QUAL or FASTQ files. The extraction and amplification of samples are the key techniques in library preparation. Despite the importance and widespread application of immune repertoire profiling via high-throughput sequencing, there are currently no community standards for data recording and exchange. The detailed steps of immune repertoire analysis are shown in the figure. The results should help scientists better understand basic developmental biology, as well as improve vaccine production models. The process of immune repertoire sequencing and analysis. The team also found some unique common ground between people and chickens: for example, there is a chicken gene for interleukin 26, which is an important immune response in people and had not yet been identified in other animals. "The recognizable repetitive content of the chicken genome is only about 10 percent as compared to about 50 percent for humans," explains lead author LaDeana Hillier of Washington University School of Medicine. The reduced number of base pairs in the fowl genome results in part from chickens possessing less so-called junk DNA than humans do. The results indicate that humans share about 60 percent of their genes with the chicken humans and rats have 88 percent of their genes in common. "The chicken has also been used extensively as a model by developmental biologists for over a century and the availability of a gene catalogue for the species will boost research in this area," says David Burt of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh and a member of the International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium. But it has only 1 billion DNA base pairs to our 2.9 billion pairs. Use of adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing (AIRR-seq) has become widespread, providing new insights into the immune system with potential broad clinical and diagnostic applications. The findings, published today in the journal Nature, reveal that, like us, the bird has between 20,000 and 23,000 genes. The chicken has joined the growing group of animals whose genome has been sequenced. ![]()
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